Natural history of adenoviral conjunctivitis in a US-based population: Viral load, signs, and symptoms.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical signs, symptoms, and viral clearance in individuals in the United States with adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs). METHODS: Individuals ≥ 18 years presenting within 4 days of symptoms of Ad-Cs who met eligibility criteria and tested positive with both point-of-care immunoassay antigen and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing were enrolled. Patient-reported symptoms, clinician-graded signs, and qPCR viral titers were collected at baseline, days 1-2, 4 (days 3-5), 7 (days 6-10), 14 (days 11-17) and 21 (days 18-21). RESULTS: There was no detectable viral titers by the day 14 visit in 6/8 patients. By day 21, there was no detectable viral titers in the 7 participants who completed the visit; however, signs and symptoms persisted including: blurry vision (5/7), discomfort (2/7) or redness (1/7). Masked clinicians also noted conjunctival redness (4/7), follicular conjunctivitis (4/7) and bulbar edema (3/7). CONCLUSION: Many patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs persist after viral titers are no longer detectable by qPCR. Using clinical signs and symptoms to determine quarantine duration may result in patients being furloughed longer than the time that the patient is infectious.

"That Was a State of Depression by Itself Dealing with Society": Atmospheric racism, mental health, and the Black and African American faith community.

Despite increased societal focus on structural racism, and its negative impact on health, empirical research within mental health remains limited relative to the magnitude of the problem. The current study-situated within a community-engaged project with members of a predominantly Black and African American church in the northeastern US-collaboratively examined depressive experience, recovery, and the role of racism and racialized structures. This co-designed study featured individual interviews (N = 11), a focus group (N = 14), and stakeholder engagement. A form of qualitative, phenomenological analysis that situates psychological phenomena within their social structural contexts was utilized. Though a main focal point of the study was depressive and significantly distressing experience, participant narratives directed us more towards a world that was structured to deplete and deprive-from basic neighborhood conditions, to police brutality, to workplace discrimination, to pervasive racist stereotypes, to differential treatment by health and social services. Racism was thus considered as atmospheric, in the sense of permeating life itself-with social, affective, embodied, and temporal dimensions, alongside practical (e.g., livelihood, vocation, and care) and spatial (e.g., neighborhood, community, and work) ones. The major thematic subsections-world, body, time, community, and space-reflect this fundamental saturation of racism within lived reality. There are two, interrelated senses of structural racism implicated here: the structures of the world and their impact on the structural dimensions of life. This study on the atmospheric nature of racism provides a community-centered complement to existing literature on structural racism and health that often proceed from higher, more population level scales. This combined literature suggests placing ever-renewed emphasis on addressing the causes and conditions that make this kind of distorted world possible in the first place.

Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy: Efficacy and Outcomes Performed by Optometrists.

SIGNIFICANCE: An increasing number of optometrists are performing Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy procedures; however, there is limited published information on the outcomes of these procedures. PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of capsulotomy procedures performed by optometrists. METHODS: Subjects diagnosed with posterior capsule opacification causing reduced vision and subjective visual complaints were recruited for this study. A baseline examination was performed to ensure that the subjects met all the necessary criteria. The procedure was performed by a licensed doctor of optometry at six different clinics, and each subject was monitored for visual outcome and any potential complications. RESULTS: Subjects' Snellen visual acuity improved from an average of 20/40 to 20/23 ( P < .001) with no complications of increased intraocular pressure, inflammation, visually significant lens pitting, macular edema, or retinal detachment. Of 78 subjects who responded to a post-procedure survey, 77 (99%) reported subjective improvement in vision after capsulotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the outcomes of this study, YAG laser capsulotomies are effective treatments to improve patient vision that can be safely and effectively performed by optometrists.

Engineering metal oxidation using epitaxial strain.

The oxides of platinum group metals are promising for future electronics and spintronics due to the delicate interplay of spin-orbit coupling and electron correlation energies. However, their synthesis as thin films remains challenging due to their low vapour pressures and low oxidation potentials. Here we show how epitaxial strain can be used as a control knob to enhance metal oxidation. Using Ir as an example, we demonstrate the use of epitaxial strain in engineering its oxidation chemistry, enabling phase-pure Ir or IrO2 films despite using identical growth conditions. The observations are explained using a density-functional-theory-based modified formation enthalpy framework, which highlights the important role of metal-substrate epitaxial strain in governing the oxide formation enthalpy. We also validate the generality of this principle by demonstrating epitaxial strain effect on Ru oxidation. The IrO2 films studied in our work further revealed quantum oscillations, attesting to the excellent film quality. The epitaxial strain approach we present could enable growth of oxide films of hard-to-oxidize elements using strain engineering.

Correlation of Adenoviral Titers with Severity of Adenoviral Conjunctivitis and Time to Viral Clearance for 21 Days.

SIGNIFICANCE: This investigation reports the correlation of conjunctival viral titers in adenoviral conjunctivitis with patient-reported symptoms and clinician-graded signs for 21 days of follow-up. PURPOSE: Adenoviral conjunctivitis is a highly contagious viral eye infection with significant morbidity and economic impact. This study investigates whether severity of signs and symptoms and time to viral clearance are correlated with conjunctival viral titers at baseline and during 21 days of follow-up. METHODS: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days study was a pilot study of the efficacy of a single in-office administration of ophthalmic 5% povidone-iodine. This article outlines longitudinal analyses after the primary outcome report. Of 212 participants screened, 28 participants with quantitative polymerase chain reaction-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis were randomized and had follow-up visits on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21. At each visit, clinician-graded signs, participant-reported symptoms, and a conjunctival swab for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis were obtained. The correlation of viral titers with symptoms and signs was calculated: (1) cross-sectionally at each visit and (2) longitudinally for 21 days using a repeated-measures mixed-effects model. RESULTS: Twenty-five of 28 participants had sufficient data for this report. Higher viral titers for 21 days were correlated with greater severity of symptoms (tearing, matting, and redness, r ≥ 0.70; P < .02) and greater severity of clinical signs (bulbar redness and serous discharge, r ≥ 0.60; P < .01). Eyes with highest baseline viral titers required longer time to viral clearance ( r = 0.59, P = .008). Signs and symptoms persisted in approximately half of the eyes even after viral clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Higher conjunctival viral titers across 21 days were strongly correlated with more severe signs and symptoms and longer time to viral clearance. Our results also indicate that symptoms and signs can persist after viral clearance.

The deep space quantum link: prospective fundamental physics experiments using long-baseline quantum optics.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Deep Space Quantum Link mission concept enables a unique set of science experiments by establishing robust quantum optical links across extremely long baselines. Potential mission configurations include establishing a quantum link between the Lunar Gateway moon-orbiting space station and nodes on or near the Earth. This publication summarizes the principal experimental goals of the Deep Space Quantum Link. These goals, identified through a multi-year design study conducted by the authors, include long-range teleportation, tests of gravitational coupling to quantum states, and advanced tests of quantum nonlocality.

Ion Mobility and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Collision Cross Section Techniques Yield Long-Range and Hard-Sphere Results, Respectively.

We determined collision cross section (CCS) values for singly and doubly charged cucurbit[n]uril (n = 5-7), decamethylcucurbit[5]uril, and cyclohexanocucurbit[5]uril complexes of alkali metal cations (Li+-Cs+). These hosts are relatively rigid. CCS values calculated using the projection approximation (PA) for computationally modeled structures of a given host are nearly identical for +1 and +2 complexes, with weak metal ion dependence, whereas trajectory method (TM) calculations of CCS for the same structures consistently yield values 7-10% larger for the +2 complexes than for the corresponding +1 complexes and little metal ion dependence. Experimentally, we measured relative CCS values in SF6 for pairs of +1 and +2 complexes of the cucurbituril hosts using the cross-sectional areas by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance ("CRAFTI") method. At center-of-mass collision energies <∼30 eV, CRAFTI CCS values are sensitive to the relative binding energies in the +1 and +2 complexes, but at collision energies >∼40 eV (sufficient that ion decoherence occurs on essentially every collision) that dependence is not evident. Consistent with the PA calculations, these experiments found that the +2 complex ions have CCS values ranging between 94 and 105% of those of their +1 counterparts (increasing with metal ion size). In contrast, but consistent with the TM CCS calculations, ion mobility measurements of the same complexes at close to thermal energies in much less polarizable N2 find the CCS of +2 complexes to be in all cases 9-12% larger than those of the corresponding +1 complexes, with little metal ion dependence.

Diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs, symptoms and point-of-care testing for early adenoviral conjunctivitis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study identifies key signs and symptoms of acute conjunctivitis, that when combined with a point-of-care test, can improve clinician accuracy of diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. BACKGROUND: Adenoviral conjunctivitis is a common ocular infection with the potential for high economic impact due to widespread outbreaks and subsequent furloughs from work and school. In this report, we describe clinical signs and participant-reported symptoms that most accurately identify polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. METHODS: Adults with 'red eye' symptoms of four days or less were enrolled. Participants rated 10 ocular symptoms from 0 (not bothersome) to 10 (very bothersome), and indicated the presence or absence of systemic flu-like symptoms. Clinicians determined the presence or absence of swollen lymph nodes and rated the severity of eight ocular signs using a 5-point scale. An immunoassay targeting adenovirus antigen was utilised for the point-of-care test, and conjunctival swab samples were obtained for subsequent adenovirus detection by PCR analyses. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify symptoms and signs associated with PCR-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. The diagnostic accuracy of these clinical findings, and the potential benefit of incorporating point-of-care test results, was assessed by calculating areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). RESULTS: Clinician-rated bulbar conjunctival redness, participant-rated eyelid swelling and overall ocular discomfort had the best predictive value in the multivariate logistic regression model with an AUC of 0.83. The addition of the point-of-care test results to these three clinical sign/symptom scores improved diagnostic accuracy, increasing the AUC to 0.94. CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival redness severity and participant-reported eyelid swelling and overall discomfort, along with adenoviral point-of-care test results, were highly predictive in identifying individuals with PCR-confirmed adenoviral conjunctivitis. Improved diagnostic accuracy by clinicians at the initial presenting visit could prevent unnecessary work furloughs and facilitate earlier treatment decisions.

Halide Size-Selective Binding by Cucurbit[5]uril-Alkali Cation Complexes in the Gas Phase.

We report data that suggest complexes with alkali cations capping the portals of cucurbit[5]uril (CB[5]) bind halide anions size-selectively as observed in the gas phase: Cl- binds inside the CB[5] cavity, Br- is observed both inside and outside, and I- binds weakly outside. This is reflected in sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID) experiments: all detected Cl- complexes dissociate at higher energies, and Br- complexes exhibit unusual bimodal dissociation behavior, with part of the ion population dissociating at very low energies and the remainder dissociating at significantly higher energies comparable to those observed for Cl-. Decoherence cross sections measured in SF6 using cross-sectional areas by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance techniques for [CB[5] + M2X]+ (M = Na, X = Cl or Br) are comparable to or less than that of [CB[5] + Na]+ over a wide energy range, suggesting that Cl- or Br- in these complexes are bound inside the CB[5] cavity. In contrast, [CB[5] + K2Br]+ has a cross section measured about 20% larger than that of [CB[5] + Na]+, suggesting external binding that may correspond with the weakly bound component seen in SORI. While I- complexes with alkali cation caps were not observed, alkaline earth iodides with CB[5] yielded complexes with cross sections 5-10% larger than that of [CB[5] + Na]+, suggesting externally bound iodide. Geometry optimization at the M06-2X/6-31+G* level of ab initio theory suggests that internal anion binding is energetically favored by approximately 50-200 kJ mol-1 over external binding; thus, the externally bound complexes observed experimentally must be due to large energetic barriers hindering the passing of large anions through the CB[5] portal, preventing access to the interior. Calculation of the barriers to anion egress using MMFF//M06-2X/6-31+G* theory supports this idea and suggests that the size-selective binding we observe is due to anion size-dependent differences in the barriers.

Predictive Accuracy and Densitometric Analysis of Point-of-Care Immunoassay for Adenoviral Conjunctivitis.

Purpose: Accurate diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs) is important for timely and appropriate patient management to reduce disease transmission. This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a commercially available point-of-care adenovirus immunoassay and determined whether its predictive accuracy is influenced by signal intensities of test result bands. Methods: Point-of-care immunoassay (AdenoPlus) testing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing was performed on conjunctival swab samples obtained from eyes of 186 eligible adult participants with presumed infectious conjunctivitis and symptoms of ≤4 days. Masked observers assessed signal intensities of the immunoassay test and control bands using densitometry. Results: Ad-Cs was confirmed by qPCR in 28 of the 56 eyes that tested positive on the AdenoPlus, a 50% positive predictive value (95% confidence interval [CI] = 36.9, 63.1). No adenovirus was detected by qPCR in 128 of 130 eyes that tested negative on AdenoPlus, a 98.5% negative predictive value (CI = 96.3, 100). Sensitivity and specificity were 93% (CI = 84.4, 100) and 82% (CI = 76.0, 88.1), respectively. Viral titers significantly correlated with ratio of test band signal intensities (R2 = 0.32, P = 0.002). Higher positive predictive value was associated with higher densitometry ratios (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.59, 0.83). Conclusions: Densitometric analyses suggest that the diagnostic accuracy of AdenoPlus is influenced by the signal intensity of the test result bands. Visual comparison of the test band intensities by clinicians could reduce the false positive rate of point-of-care immunoassays and aid in the diagnosis of viral infections. Translational Relevance: Ratiometric densitometry of point-of-care immunoassays could aid clinicians' decision making in diagnosing infectious diseases, including Ad-Cs.

Efficacy of a Single Administration of 5% Povidone-Iodine in the Treatment of Adenoviral Conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single, in-office administration of 5% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) compared to artificial tears (AT) for adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs). DESIGN: Double-masked pilot randomized trial. METHODS: Patients presenting with presumed adenoviral conjunctivitis were screened at 9 U.S. clinics. INCLUSION CRITERIA: ≥18 years of age, symptoms ≤4 days, and a positive AdenoPlus test. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: thyroid disease, iodine allergy, recent ocular surgery, and ocular findings inconsistent with early-stage Ad-Cs. Randomization was to a single administration of 5% PVP-I or AT in 1 eye and examinations on days 1-2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 with conjunctival swabs taken at each visit for quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Primary outcome was percent reduction from peak viral load. Secondary outcomes were improvement in clinical signs and symptoms. RESULTS: Of 56 patients randomized, 28 had detectable viral titers at baseline. Day 4 posttreatment, viral titers in the 5% PVP-I and AT groups were 2.5% ± 2.7% and 14.4% ± 10.5% of peak, respectively (P = .020). Severity of participant-reported tearing, lid swelling, and redness as well as clinician-graded mucoid discharge, bulbar redness, and bulbar edema were lower in the 5% PVP-I group than AT group on day 4 (P < .05). After day 4, viral titers and severity of signs and symptoms decreased markedly in both groups and no differences between groups were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Pilot data suggest a single, in-office administration of 5% PVP-I could reduce viral load and hasten improvement of clinical signs and symptoms in patients with Ad-Cs.

Success of Masking 5% Povidone-Iodine Treatment: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days Study.

SIGNIFICANCE: The effectiveness of masking is rarely evaluated or reported in single- or double-masked clinical trials. Knowledge of treatment assignment by participants and clinicians can bias the assessment of treatment efficacy. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of masking in a double-masked trial of 5% povidone-iodine for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. METHODS: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days study is a double-masked, randomized trial comparing a one-time, in-office administration of 5% povidone-iodine with artificial tears for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Masking was assessed by asking participants and masked clinicians at designated time points if they believed the treatment administered was povidone-iodine or artificial tears, or if they were unsure. Adequacy of masking was quantified using a modified Bang Blinding Index. RESULTS: Immediately after treatment, 34% of participants who received povidone-iodine and 69% of those who received artificial tears guessed incorrectly or were unsure of their treatment (modified Bang Indices of 0.31 and -0.38, respectively). On day 4, 38% of the povidone-iodine participants and 52% of the artificial tear participants guessed incorrectly or were unsure of their treatment (modified Bang Indices of 0.24 and -0.05, respectively), indicating adequate and ideal masking. On days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21, masked clinicians guessed incorrectly or were unsure of treatment in 53%, 50%, 40%, 39%, and 42% among povidone-iodine participants compared with 44%, 35%, 38%, 35%, and 39% among artificial tears participants, respectively. The modified Bang Indices for clinician masking in the povidone-iodine group ranged from -0.05 to 0.25 and from 0.13 to 0.29 in the artificial tears group. CONCLUSIONS: Masking of participants and clinicians was adequate. Successful masking increases confidence that subjective measurements are not biased. We recommend quantitative assessment and reporting the effectiveness of masking in ophthalmic clinical trials.

Programmable Nuclear-Spin Dynamics in Ti(IV) Coordination Complexes.

Interstitial patterning of nuclear spins is a nascent design principle for controlling electron spin superposition lifetimes in open-shell complexes and solid-state defects. Herein we report the first test of the impact of the patterning principle on ligand-based nuclear spin dynamics. We test how substitutional patterning of 1H and 79/81Br nuclear spins on ligands modulates proton nuclear spin dynamics in the ligand shell of metal complexes. To do so, we studied the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times (T1 and T2) of a series of eight polybrominated catechol ligands and six complexes formed by coordination of the ligands to a Ti(IV) ion. These studies reveal that 1H T1 values can be enhanced in the individual ligands by a factor of 4 (from 10.8(3) to 43(5) s) as a function of substitution pattern, reaching the maximum value for 3,4,6-tribromocatechol. The T2 for 1H is also enhanced by a factor of 4, varying by ∼14 s across the series. When complexed, the impact of the patterning design strategy on nuclear spin dynamics is amplified and 1H T1 and T2 values vary by over an order of magnitude. Importantly, the general trends observed in the ligands also match those when complexed. Hence, these results demonstrate a new design principle to control 1H spin dynamics in metal complexes through pattern-based design strategies in the ligand shell.

Ligand Control of 59Co Nuclear Spin Relaxation Thermometry.

Studying the correlation between temperature-driven molecular structure and nuclear spin dynamics is essential to understanding fundamental design principles for thermometric nuclear magnetic resonance spin-based probes. Herein, we study the impact of progressively encapsulating ligands on temperature-dependent 59Co T 1 (spin-lattice) and T 2 (spin-spin) relaxation times in a set of Co(III) complexes: K3[Co(CN)6] (1); [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (2); [Co(en)3]Cl3 (3), en = ethylenediamine); [Co(tn)3]Cl3 (4), tn = trimethylenediamine); [Co(tame)2]Cl3 (5), tame = triaminomethylethane); and [Co(dinosar)]Cl3 (6), dinosar = dinitrosarcophagine). Measurements indicate that 59Co T 1 and T 2 increase with temperature for 1-6 between 10 and 60 °C, with the greatest ΔT 1/ΔT and ΔT 2/ΔT temperature sensitivities found for 4 and 3, 5.3(3)%T 1/°C and 6(1)%T 2/°C, respectively. Temperature-dependent T 2* (dephasing time) analyses were also made, revealing the highest ΔT 2*/ΔT sensitivities in structures of greatest encapsulation, as high as 4.64%T 2*/°C for 6. Calculations of the temperature-dependent quadrupolar coupling parameter, Δe 2 qQ/ΔT, enable insight into the origins of the relative ΔT 1/ΔT values. These results suggest tunable quadrupolar coupling interactions as novel design principles for enhancing temperature sensitivity in nuclear spin-based probes.

Nuclear-spin-pattern control of electron-spin dynamics in a series of V(iv) complexes.

Achieving control of phase memory relaxation times (T m) in metal ions is an important goal of molecular spintronics. Herein we provide the first evidence that nuclear-spin patterning in the ligand shell is an important handle to modulate T m in metal ions. We synthesized and studied a series of five V(iv) complexes with brominated catecholate ligands, [V(C6H4-n Br n O2)3]2- (n = 0, 1, 2, and 4), where the 79/81Br and 1H nuclear spins are arranged in different substitutional patterns. High-field, high-frequency (120 GHz) pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of this series reveals a pattern-dependent variation in T m for the V(iv) ion. Notably, we show that it is possible for two molecules to have starkly different (by 50%) T m values despite the same chemical composition. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the protons on the ligand shell suggest that relative chemical shift (δ), controlled by the patterning of nuclear spins, is an important underlying design principle. Here, having multiple ligand-based protons with nearly identical chemical shift values in the ligand shell will, ultimately, engender a short T m for the bound metal ion.

Safety and tolerability of a one-time, in-office administration of 5% povidone-iodine in the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days (RAPID) study.

PURPOSE: To report safety and tolerability of a one-time administration of ophthalmic 5% povidone-iodine (5% PVP-I) in a double-masked randomized trial for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis (Ad-Cs). METHODS: Of 212 participants screened, 56 eligible participants with red eye symptoms ≤4 days and a positive adenoviral rapid immunoassay were randomized to a one-time administration of ophthalmic 5% PVP-I or preservative free artificial tears (AT). Safety was assessed by corneal fluorescein staining (baseline, immediate post-administration and Day 1) and visual acuity (VA) (baseline and Day 1). Tolerability was assessed using participant-rated overall ocular discomfort (baseline, immediately post-administration and on Day 1. RESULTS: In the 5% PVP-I group, corneal staining increased immediately post-administration but returned to baseline levels by Day 1. There was no change in VA between baseline and Day 1 in either 5% PVP-I or AT groups (p = 0.87). In the 5% PVP-I group, there was no change in participant-rated overall discomfort immediately post-administration (p = 0.78) or on day 1 (p = 0.10) compared to baseline. In the AT group, participant-rated overall discomfort was lower immediately post-administration but returned to baseline levels by Day 1. One adverse event was reported in the 5% PVP-I group on Day 1-2 that was classified as not related to treatment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest ophthalmic 5% PVP-I used as a one-time treatment is safe and well tolerated by patients with Ad-Cs.

One-Step Conversion of Potassium Organotrifluoroborates to Metal Organoborohydrides.

This letter describes the one-step conversion of heteroatom-substituted potassium organotrifluoroborates (KRBF3) to metal monoorganoborohydrides (MRBH3) using alkali metal aluminum hydrides. The method tolerates a variety of functional groups, expanding MRBH3 diversity. Hydride removal with Me3SiCl in the presence of dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) affords the organoborane·DMAP (RBH2·DMAP) adducts.

An efficient approach to computing third- order scattering of sound by sound with application to parametric arrays.

A mathematical description of third-order scattered sound fields is derived using a multi-Gaussian beam (MGB) model that describes the sound field of any arbitrary axially symmetric beam as a series of Gaussian base functions. The third-order intermodulation (IM3) frequency components are produced by considering the cascaded nonlinear secondorder effects when analyzing the interaction between the firstand second-order frequency components during the nonlinear scattering of sound by sound from two noncollinear ultrasonic baffled piston sources. The theory is extended to the modeling of the sound beams generated by parametric transducer arrays, showing that the MGB model can be efficiently used to calculate both the second- and third-order sound fields of the array. Measurements are presented for the IM3 frequency components and parametric array sound fields and comparisons of the model are made with traditional simulation results from direct numerical integration.